# Dating tourettes

**Click here:** \
&#x20;\
&#x20;※ [**Dating tourettes**](http://krikoutoric.datingsvr.ru/?dt\&keyword=dating+tourettes\&source=gitbook.com5) \
&#x20;\
&#x20;※ [**♥ Dating tourettes**](http://krikoutoric.datingvr.ru/?dt\&keyword=dating+tourettes\&source=gitbook.com5) \
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\
&#x20;\\

The most important way you can care for someone with Tourettes is to love him as him as he is. Because children with tics often present to physicians when their tics are most severe, and because of the waxing and waning nature of tics, it is recommended that medication not be started immediately or changed often. Nh phuc cho co.\
&#x20;![dating tourettes](http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/teenager-girl-having-disappointment-phone-call-33411396.jpg)\\

She is not medicated but I do work with her on changing behaviours, she sees a therapist and is also homeschooled. The eponym was later bestowed by Charcot after and on behalf of Gilles de la Tourette. Perfect woman hd wallpaper beard, man, sincere, summer, tattoo image on swagg notes on tumblr. Before you put dating tourettes kids on dating tourettes ritilin CRAP make sure your child does not have tourettes. Your doctor may do imaging tests of your to rule out other conditions that have symptoms like those of Tourette's. I'm 30 jesus old and I've been living with Tourettes syndrome since I was 8. Retrieved from April 7, 2005 archive. And yet, think about how hard it would be to carry on a conversation with people in the general public when your body is constantly interrupting you. It was medico I have to go all the way or stay home. It will depend completely on your friend.

Should I ask him outright what he would like for me to do when his tics become more severe? That is not healthy for her. Should I ask him outright what he would like for me to do when his tics become more severe? Just sign up today, it only takes a few minutes and gives you access to others immediately.\
&#x20;![dating tourettes](http://blogs.psychcentral.com/humor/files/2015/10/1570_MentalHealthHumor-savvy-senior-moments.jpg)\\

**Disclaimer** - Tourette syndrome is a spectrum disorder—its severity ranges over a spectrum from mild to severe.\
&#x20;![dating tourettes](http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/teenage-girl-surprised-phone-call-14178147.jpg)\\

For other uses, see. Tourette syndrome Synonyms Tourette's syndrome, Tourette's disorder, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome GTS 1857—1904 , namesake of Tourette syndrome , Symptoms Usual onset Typically in childhood Duration Long term Causes Genetic with environmental influence Based on history and symptoms Treatment Education, Medication Usually none, occasionally Prognosis Improvement to disappearance of tics beginning in late teens Frequency About 1% Tourette syndrome TS or simply Tourette's is a common disorder with onset in childhood, characterized by multiple motor and at least one vocal phonic tic. These tics characteristically wax and wane, can be suppressed temporarily, and are typically preceded by an unwanted urge or sensation in the affected muscles. Some common tics are eye blinking, coughing, throat clearing, sniffing, and facial movements. Tourette's does not adversely affect intelligence or. Tourette's is defined as part of a of , which includes provisional, transient and persistent chronic tics. While the exact cause is unknown, it is believed to involve a combination of and environmental factors. There are no specific tests for diagnosing Tourette's; it is not always correctly identified because most cases are mild and the severity of tics decreases for most children as they pass through adolescence. Extreme Tourette's in adulthood, though sensationalized in the media, is a rarity; tics are often unnoticed by casual observers. In most cases, medication for tics is not necessary. Education is an important part of any treatment plan, and explanation and reassurance alone are often sufficient treatment. Many individuals with Tourette's go undiagnosed or never seek medical care. Among those who are seen in , ADHD and OCD are present at higher rates. These co-occurring diagnoses often cause more impairment to the individual than the tics; hence, it is important to correctly identify associated conditions and treat them. About 1% of school-age children and adolescents have Tourette's. It was once considered a rare and bizarre , most often associated with the utterance of obscene words or socially inappropriate and derogatory remarks , but this symptom is present in only a small minority of people with Tourette's. The condition was named by 1825—1893 on behalf of his resident, 1857—1904 , a French physician and , who published an account of nine patients with Tourette's in 1885. Motor tics are movement-based tics, while phonic tics are involuntary sounds produced by moving air through the nose, mouth, or throat. Transient tic disorders consisted of multiple motor tics, phonic tics or both, with a duration between four weeks and twelve months. Chronic tic disorder was either single or multiple, motor or phonic tics but not both , which were present for more than a year. Tourette's is diagnosed when multiple motor tics, and at least one phonic tic, are present for more than a year. The fifth version of the DSM , published in May 2013, reclassified Tourette's and tic disorders as listed in the neurodevelopmental disorder category, and replaced transient tic disorder with provisional tic disorder, but made few other significant changes. Tic disorders are defined only slightly differently by the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, ; code F95. Although Tourette's is the more severe expression of the of tic disorders, most cases are mild. The severity of symptoms varies widely among people with Tourette's, and mild cases may be undetected. The tics associated with Tourette's change in number, frequency, severity and anatomical location. Waxing and waning—the ongoing increase and decrease in severity and frequency of tics—occurs differently in each individual. In contrast to the abnormal movements of other for example, , , , and , the tics of Tourette's are temporarily suppressible, nonrhythmic, and often preceded by an unwanted premonitory urge. Immediately preceding tic onset, most individuals with Tourette's are aware of an urge, similar to the need to sneeze or scratch an itch. Examples of the premonitory urge are the feeling of having something in one's throat, or a localized discomfort in the shoulders, leading to the need to clear one's throat or shrug the shoulders. The actual tic may be felt as relieving this tension or sensation, similar to scratching an itch. Another example is blinking to relieve an uncomfortable sensation in the eye. Published descriptions of the tics of Tourette's identify sensory phenomena as the core of the syndrome, even though they are not included in the diagnostic criteria. While individuals with tics are sometimes able to suppress their tics for limited periods of time, doing so often results in tension or mental exhaustion. People with Tourette's may seek a secluded spot to release their symptoms, or there may be a marked increase in tics after a period of suppression at school or at work. Some people with Tourette's may not be aware of the premonitory urge. Children may be less aware of the premonitory urge associated with tics than are adults, but their awareness tends to increase with maturity. They may have tics for several years before becoming aware of premonitory urges. Children may suppress tics while in the doctor's office, so they may need to be observed while they are not aware they are being watched. The ability to suppress tics varies among individuals, and may be more developed in adults than children. Tics may appear up to the age of eighteen, but the most typical age of onset is from five to seven. A 1998 study published by and colleagues from the showed that the ages of highest tic severity are eight to twelve average ten , with tics steadily declining for most patients as they pass through adolescence. The most common, first-presenting tics are eye blinking, facial movements, sniffing and throat clearing. Initial tics present most frequently in midline body regions where there are many muscles, usually the head, neck and facial region. This can be contrasted with the stereotyped movements of other disorders such as and of the , which typically have an earlier age of onset, are more symmetrical, rhythmical and bilateral, and involve the extremities e. Tics that appear early in the course of the condition are frequently confused with other conditions, such as , , and vision problems: pediatricians, allergists and ophthalmologists are typically the first to see a child with tics. Most cases of Tourette's in older individuals are mild and almost unrecognizable. When symptoms are severe enough to warrant referral to clinics, OCD and ADHD are often associated with Tourette's. In children with tics, the additional presence of ADHD is associated with functional impairment, disruptive behavior, and tic severity. Not all persons with Tourette's have ADHD or OCD or other conditions, although in clinical populations, a high percentage of patients presenting for care do have ADHD. Another author reports that 57% of 656 patients presenting with tic disorders had uncomplicated tics, while 43% had tics plus comorbid conditions. Main article: The exact cause of Tourette's is unknown, but it is well established that both genetic and environmental factors are involved. In other cases, tics are associated with disorders other than Tourette's, a phenomenon known as. A person with Tourette's has about a 50% chance of passing the gene s to one of his or her children, but Tourette's is a condition of and. Thus, not everyone who inherits the genetic vulnerability will show symptoms; even close family members may show different severities of symptoms, or no symptoms at all. The gene s may express as Tourette's, as a milder tic disorder provisional or chronic tics , or as obsessive—compulsive symptoms without tics. Only a minority of the children who inherit the gene s have symptoms severe enough to require medical attention. Gender appears to have a role in the expression of the genetic vulnerability: males are more likely than females to express tics. Non-genetic, environmental, post-infectious, or factors—while not causing Tourette's—can influence its severity. In 1998, a team at the US proposed a hypothesis based on observation of 50 children that both obsessive—compulsive disorder OCD and tic disorders may arise in a subset of children as a result of a autoimmune process. Children who meet five diagnostic criteria are classified, according to the hypothesis, as having Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal infections. This contentious hypothesis is the focus of clinical and laboratory research, but remains unproven. Some forms of OCD may be genetically linked to Tourette's. A subset of OCD is thought to be causally related to Tourette's and may be a different expression of the same factors that are important for the expression of tics. The genetic relationship of ADHD to Tourette syndrome, however, has not been fully established. Brain structures implicated in Tourette syndrome The exact mechanism affecting the inherited vulnerability to Tourette's has not been established, and the precise cause is unknown. Tics are believed to result from dysfunction in cortical and subcortical regions, the , and. A reduced level of histamine in the H3-receptor may disrupt other neurotransmitters, causing tics. The onset must have occurred before the age of 18, and cannot be attributed to the effects of another condition or substance such as cocaine. Hence, other medical conditions that include tics or tic-like movements—such as or other causes of —must be ruled out before conferring a Tourette's diagnosis. Since 2000, the DSM has recognized that clinicians see patients who meet all the other criteria for Tourette's, but do not have distress or impairment. There are no specific medical or screening tests that can be used in diagnosing Tourette's; it is frequently misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed, partly because of the wide expression of severity, ranging from mild the majority of cases or moderate, to severe the rare, but more widely recognized and publicized cases. Coughing, eye blinking, and tics that mimic unrelated conditions such as asthma are commonly misdiagnosed. The diagnosis is made based on observation of the individual's symptoms and family history, and after ruling out In patients with a typical onset and a family history of tics or obsessive—compulsive disorder, a basic physical and neurological examination may be sufficient. There is no requirement that other conditions such as ADHD or OCD be present, but if a physician believes that there may be another condition present that could explain tics, tests may be ordered as necessary to rule out that condition. An example of this is when diagnostic confusion between tics and activity exists, which would call for an , or if there are symptoms that indicate an to rule out brain abnormalities. In teenagers and adults presenting with a sudden onset of tics and other behavioral symptoms, a for and might be necessary. If a family history of is present, serum copper and levels can rule out. Most cases are diagnosed by merely observing a history of tics. Secondary causes of tics not related to inherited Tourette syndrome are commonly referred to as. Other conditions that may manifest tics or stereotyped movements include , , and ; ; dystonia; and genetic conditions such as , , , , Wilson's disease, and. Other possibilities include chromosomal disorders such as , , and. Acquired causes of tics include drug-induced tics, head trauma, , , and. The symptoms of may also be confused with Tourette syndrome. Most of these conditions are rarer than tic disorders, and a thorough history and examination may be enough to rule them out, without medical or screening tests. Although not all people with Tourette's have comorbid conditions, most Tourette's patients presenting for clinical care at specialty referral centers may exhibit symptoms of other conditions along with their motor and phonic tics. Associated conditions include attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ADD or ADHD , obsessive—compulsive disorder OCD , and. Disruptive behaviors, impaired functioning, or impairment in patients with comorbid Tourette's and ADHD may be accounted for by the comorbid ADHD, highlighting the importance of identifying and treating comorbid conditions. Disruption from tics is commonly overshadowed by comorbid conditions that present greater interference to the child. Tic disorders in the absence of ADHD do not appear to be associated with disruptive behavior or functional impairment, while impairment in school, family, or peer relations is greater in patients who have more comorbid conditions and often determines whether therapy is needed. Because comorbid conditions such as OCD and ADHD can be more impairing than tics, these conditions are included in an evaluation of patients presenting with tics. The initial assessment of a patient referred for a tic disorder should include a thorough evaluation, including a family history of tics, ADHD, obsessive—compulsive symptoms, and other chronic medical, psychiatric and neurological conditions. Children and adolescents with TS who have learning difficulties are candidates for psychoeducational testing, particularly if the child also has ADHD. Undiagnosed comorbid conditions may result in functional impairment, and it is necessary to identify and treat these conditions to improve functioning. Complications may include , , social discomfort, , , , , and. Main article: The treatment of Tourette's focuses on identifying and helping the individual manage the most troubling or impairing symptoms. Most cases of Tourette's are mild, and do not require treatment; instead, psychobehavioral therapy, education, and reassurance may be sufficient. Treatments, where warranted, can be divided into those that target tics and comorbid conditions, which, when present, are often a larger source of impairment than the tics themselves. Not all people with tics have comorbid conditions, but when those conditions are present, they often take treatment priority. There is no cure for Tourette's and no medication that works universally for all individuals without significant adverse effects. Knowledge, education and understanding are uppermost in management plans for tic disorders. The management of the symptoms of Tourette's may include pharmacological, and therapies. While pharmacological intervention is reserved for more severe symptoms, other treatments such as supportive psychotherapy or may help to avoid or ameliorate and social isolation, and to improve family support. Educating a patient, family, and surrounding community such as friends, school, and church is a key treatment strategy, and may be all that is required in mild cases. Medication is available to help when symptoms interfere with functioning. The classes of medication with the most proven efficacy in treating tics— and including trade name Risperdal , Geodon , Haldol , Orap and Prolixin —can have long-term and short-term. The agents trade name Catapres and Tenex are also used to treat tics; studies show variable efficacy, but a lower side effect profile than the neuroleptics. Anafranil , a tricyclic, and —a class of including Prozac , Zoloft , and Luvox —may be prescribed when a Tourette's patient also has symptoms of obsessive—compulsive disorder. Several other medications have been tried, but evidence to support their use is unconvincing. Because children with tics often present to physicians when their tics are most severe, and because of the waxing and waning nature of tics, it is recommended that medication not be started immediately or changed often. Frequently, the tics subside with explanation, reassurance, understanding of the condition and a supportive environment. When medication is used, the goal is not to eliminate symptoms: it should be used at the lowest possible dose that manages symptoms without adverse effects, given that these may be more disturbing than the symptoms for which they were prescribed. CBT is a useful treatment when OCD is present, and there is increasing evidence supporting the use of HRT in the treatment of tics. There is evidence that HRT reduces tic severity, but there are methodological limitations in the studies, and a need for more trained specialists and better large-scale studies. Tourette syndrome is a spectrum disorder—its severity ranges over a spectrum from mild to severe. The majority of cases are mild and require no treatment. In these cases, the impact of symptoms on the individual may be mild, to the extent that casual observers might not know of their condition. The overall prognosis is positive, but a minority of children with Tourette syndrome have severe symptoms that persist into adulthood. A study of 46 subjects at 19 years of age found that the symptoms of 80% had minimum to mild impact on their overall functioning, and that the other 20% experienced at least a moderate impact on their overall functioning. The rare minority of severe cases can inhibit or prevent individuals from holding a job or having a fulfilling social life. In a follow-up study of thirty-one adults with Tourette's, all patients completed high school, 52% finished at least two years of college, and 71% were full-time employed or were pursuing higher education. Regardless of symptom severity, individuals with Tourette's have a normal. Although the symptoms may be lifelong and chronic for some, the condition is not or life-threatening. Severity of tics early in life does not predict tic severity in later life, and prognosis is generally favorable, although there is no reliable means of predicting the outcome for a particular individual. A higher rate of than the general population and are reported. Several studies have demonstrated that the condition in most children improves with maturity. Tics may be at their highest severity at the time that they are diagnosed, and often improve with understanding of the condition by individuals and their families and friends. The statistical age of highest tic severity is typically between eight and twelve, with most individuals experiencing steadily declining tic severity as they pass through adolescence. One study showed no correlation with tic severity and the onset of puberty, in contrast with the popular belief that tics increase at puberty. In many cases, a complete remission of tic symptoms occurs after adolescence. However, a study using videotape to record tics in adults found that, although tics diminished in comparison with childhood, and all measures of tic severity improved by adulthood, 90% of adults still had tics. Half of the adults who considered themselves tic-free still displayed evidence of tics. Many people with TS may not realize they have tics; because tics are more commonly expressed in private, TS may go unrecognized or undetected. It is not uncommon for the parents of affected children to be unaware that they, too, may have had tics as children. Because Tourette's tends to subside with maturity, and because milder cases of Tourette's are now more likely to be recognized, the first realization that a parent had tics as a child may not come until their offspring is diagnosed. It is not uncommon for several members of a family to be diagnosed together, as parents bringing children to a physician for an evaluation of tics become aware that they, too, had tics as a child. If a child has disabling tics, or tics that interfere with social or academic functioning, supportive or school accommodations can be helpful. Because conditions such as ADHD or OCD can cause greater impact on overall functioning than tics, a thorough evaluation for comorbidity is called for when symptoms and impairment warrant. A supportive environment and family generally gives those with Tourette's the skills to manage the disorder. People with Tourette's may learn to camouflage socially inappropriate tics or to channel the energy of their tics into a functional endeavor. Outcomes in adulthood are associated more with the perceived significance of having severe tics as a child than with the actual severity of the tics. A person who was misunderstood, punished, or teased at home or at school will fare worse than children who enjoyed an understanding and supportive environment. Tourette syndrome is found among all social, racial and ethnic groups and has been reported in all parts of the world; it is three to four times more frequent among males than among females. The tics of Tourette syndrome begin in childhood and tend to remit or subside with maturity; thus, a diagnosis may no longer be warranted for many adults, and observed rates are higher among children than adults. As children pass through adolescence, about one-quarter become tic-free, almost one-half see their tics diminish to a minimal or mild level, and less than one-quarter have persistent tics. Only 5 to 14% of adults experience worse tics in adulthood than in childhood. Up to 1% of the overall population experiences , including chronic tics and transient tics of childhood. Chronic tics affect 5% of children, and transient tics affect up to 20%. Prevalence rates in special education populations are higher. Robertson 2011 says that 1% of school-age children have Tourette's. According to Lombroso and Scahill 2008 , the emerging consensus is that. Bloch and Leckman 2009 and Swain 2007 report a range of prevalence in children of. Singer 2011 states the prevalence of TS in the overall population at any time is. Robertson 2011 also suggests that the rate of Tourette's in the general population is 1%. Using year 2000 census data, a prevalence range of. Tourette syndrome was once thought to be rare: in 1972, the US NIH believed there were fewer than 100 cases in the United States, and a 1973 registry reported only 485 cases worldwide. However, multiple studies published since 2000 have consistently demonstrated that the prevalence is much higher than previously thought. Discrepancies across current and prior prevalence estimates come from several factors: ascertainment bias in earlier drawn from clinically referred cases, assessment methods that may fail to detect milder cases, and differences in diagnostic criteria and thresholds. There were few broad-based community studies published before 2000 and until the 1980s, most epidemiological studies of Tourette syndrome were based on individuals referred to or specialty clinics. Individuals with mild symptoms may not seek treatment and physicians may not confer an official diagnosis of TS on children out of concern for stigmatization; children with milder symptoms are unlikely to be referred to specialty clinics, so prevalence studies have an inherent towards more severe cases. Studies of Tourette syndrome are vulnerable to error because tics vary in intensity and , are often intermittent, and are not always recognized by clinicians, patients, family members, friends or teachers; approximately 20% of persons with Tourette syndrome do not recognize that they have tics. Newer studies—recognizing that tics may often be undiagnosed and hard to detect—use direct classroom observation and multiple informants parent, teacher, and trained observers , and therefore record more cases than older studies relying on referrals. As the diagnostic threshold and assessment methodology have moved towards recognition of milder cases, the result is an increase in estimated prevalence. Tourette's is associated with several comorbid conditions, or co-occurring diagnoses, which are often the major source of impairment for an affected child. A French doctor, , reported the first case of Tourette syndrome in 1825, describing Marquise de Dampierre, an important woman of nobility in her time. Jean-Martin Charcot, an influential French physician, assigned his resident Georges Albert Édouard Brutus Gilles de la Tourette, a French physician and neurologist, to study patients at the Hospital, with the goal of defining an illness distinct from and from. Jean-Martin Charcot 1825—1893 was a French and professor who bestowed the for Tourette syndrome on behalf of his resident, Georges Albert Édouard Brutus Gilles de la Tourette. The eponym was later bestowed by Charcot after and on behalf of Gilles de la Tourette. Little progress was made over the next century in explaining or treating tics, and a psychogenic view prevailed well into the 20th century. The possibility that movement disorders, including Tourette syndrome, might have an was raised when an from 1918—1926 led to a subsequent epidemic of tic disorders. During the 1960s and 1970s, as the beneficial effects of Haldol on tics became known, the psychoanalytic approach to Tourette syndrome was questioned. Since the 1990s, a more neutral view of Tourette's has emerged, in which biological vulnerability and adverse environmental events are seen to interact. In 2000, the published the DSM-IV-TR, revising the text of DSM-IV to no longer require that symptoms of tic disorders cause distress or impair functioning, recognizing that clinicians often see patients who meet all the other criteria for Tourette's, but do not have distress or impairment. Findings since 1999 have advanced TS science in the areas of genetics, , , and. Questions remain regarding how best to classify Tourette syndrome, and how closely Tourette's is related to other movement disorders or disorders. Good data is still lacking, and are not risk free and not always well tolerated. High-profile media coverage focuses on treatments that do not have established safety or efficacy, such as , and alternative therapies involving unstudied efficacy and side effects are pursued by many parents. Johnson is likely to have had Tourette syndrome. Researchers Leckman and , and former US TSA national board member Kathryn Taubert, believe that there may be latent advantages associated with an individual's genetic vulnerability to developing Tourette syndrome, such as a heightened awareness and increased attention to detail and surroundings that may have adaptive value. Children with TS-only are faster than the average for their age group on timed tests of. The best-known example of a person who may have used obsessive—compulsive traits to advantage is , the 18th-century English man of letters, who likely had Tourette syndrome as evidenced by the writings of. Johnson wrote in 1747, and was a prolific writer, poet, and critic. Pancks in by and Nikolai Levin in by. The entertainment industry has been criticized for as social misfits whose only tic is coprolalia, which has furthered stigmatization and the public's misunderstanding of those with Tourette's. The coprolalic symptoms of Tourette's are also fodder for radio and television talk shows in the US and in the British media. Archived from on March 23, 2005. Retrieved 18 October 2016. Also see Singer HS. Br J Hosp Med Lond. Movement Disorders, An Issue of Neurologic Clinics. The Clinics: Radiology: Elsevier, 2014, p. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2013, Fifth edition. American Psychiatric Association, p. Retrieved on December 29, 2011. Retrieved on June 5, 2013. Retrieved on December 29, 2011. March 31, 2005, at the. Retrieved on October 28, 2006. Archived April 26, 2006. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. Retrieved on August 10, 2009. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. Advances in Neurology, Tourette syndrome. J Lab Clin Med. Retrieved on May 8, 2013. Retrieved on November 25, 2006. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 2017 Feb 6;73:36—40. Paul, and Tommas J. Retrieved from May 11, 2008 archive. Roger Freeman, MD, blog. Retrieved on February 8, 2006. In general, this article uses North American trade names. See also Schapiro NA. Habit reversal training for children with tourette syndrome: update and review. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs. Retrieved on February 26, 2005. Retrieved on July 2, 2013. J R Soc Med. Retrieved on March 1, 2008. Retrieved on March 21, 2015. Prevalence of tic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatr Suppl 422; 106—11, Scandinavian University Press, 1997. Advances in Neurology, Tourette syndrome. Medical Letter: 2004 Retrospective Summary of TS Literature. The PDF , is available at archive. Retrieved on June 11, 2007. See also Zohar AH, Apter A, King RA, et al. In Leckman JF, Cohen DJ. Tourette's Syndrome—Tics, Obsessions, Compulsions: Developmental Psychopathology and Clinical Care. See also Schapiro 2002 and Coffey BJ, Park KS. Retrieved on August 10, 2009. Origins of neuroscience: the history of explorations into brain function. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994:220—239. Retrieved on January 14, 2012. In: Friedhoff AJ, Chase TN, eds. Advances in Neurology: Volume 35. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. New York: Raven Press; 1982;1—16. Discussed at Black, KJ. Retrieved on August 10, 2009. Retrieved on August 10, 2009. Behavioural Neurology, 1991;4 1 , 29—56. March 9, 2005, at the. Retrieved on May 14, 2007. Retrieved on August 10, 2009. Advances in Neurology, Tourette syndrome. Harper and Row, New York. Tourette's Syndrome—Tics, Obsessions, Compulsions: Developmental Psychopathology and Clinical Care. Tourette's Syndrome—Tics, Obsessions, Compulsions: Developmental Psychopathology and Clinical Care. Retrieved from July 16, 2011 archive. Retrieved from April 7, 2005 archive. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. Retrieved on March 21, 2015. Retrieved on March 21, 2015. Also see: Simkin, Benjamin. Medical and Musical Byways of Mozartiana. Retrieved from April 7, 2005 archive. The representation of movement disorders in fictional literature. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. The blame for the warped perceptions lies overwhelmingly with the video media — the Internet, movies and TV. If you search for 'Tourette' on Google or YouTube, you'll get a gazillion hits that almost invariably show the most outrageously extreme examples of motor and vocal tics. Television, with notable exceptions such as Oprah, has sensationalized Tourette's so badly, for so long, that it seems beyond hope that most people will ever know the more prosaic truth. Retrieved from October 6, 2001 archive. Retrieved from August 31, 2008 archive. Retrieved from February 7, 2009 archive. Retrieved on December 26, 2006.
